OP_RETURN Explained: Bitcoin Policy, Consensus and Data Limits
OP_RETURN explained for Bitcoin operators: understand unspendable outputs, relay and mining policy, consensus validity and changing data-size defaults.
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Bitcoin consensus Articles
Within Blog Posts & Articles
BIP 62 Transaction Malleability Rules Explained
BIP 62 transaction malleability explained as a closed proposal covering DER signatures, low-S values, minimal pushes and later deployed rules.
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BIP 30 Duplicate Transactions Explained for Bitcoin Validation
BIP 30 duplicate transactions explained: learn why overwriting unspent outputs was unsafe, how nodes enforce uniqueness and what miners must validate.
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BIP 18 hashScriptCheck Explained: A Historical P2SH Design
BIP 18 hashScriptCheck explained: review its dataSig and scriptCheck model, sigop accounting, compatibility plan and relationship to deployed P2SH.
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How Bitcoin Soft Forks Work: Old Nodes, New Rules and Chain Risk
How Bitcoin Soft Forks Work made simple. See the main facts, costs, risks and practical checks before you make a decision.
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BIP 11 M-of-N Standard Transactions Explained
BIP 11 M-of-N transactions explained: understand early bare multisig standardness, CHECKMULTISIG, sigop limits and why P2SH changed deployment.
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Is Bitcoin Decentralised? Nodes, Miners and Real Control
Learn how Bitcoin decentralisation divides influence among nodes, miners, developers, wallets and users, where concentration exists and why one score fails.
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What Backs Bitcoin? Rules, Scarcity, Work and Demand
What backs Bitcoin? Learn how verified rules, limited issuance, proof of work, participation and market demand support it without a gold or state redemption promise.
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